Kernel devpts called with bogus options

Softpanorama May the source be with you, but remember the KISS principle. The price of excessive complexity is the loss of reliability. This statement is never more true then in attempts to recover lost data of LVM volumes. LVM adds additional layer of complexity and one side effect of existence of this layer is that recovery of damaged volumes became much more complex.

Moreover LVM is badly for such a critical subsystem documented. Most of what exists it iether outdated or irrelevant for the purposes of recovery of damaged volumes, or outright junk like most docs provided by Red Hat.

As with everything the more you do before the problem occurs, the less you need to do during the emergency. Having a current b aseline of the server with all the necessary configuration files helps greatly.

Having an overnight backup of data typically moves the situation from SNAFU to a nuisance category. Another important tip of using LVM is to always to have at least 2GB free space on each volute group.

That allow using snapshots during patching and similar operations when you can damage or destroy LVM. Learning how to use snapshots is a must for any sysadmin that uses LVM is business critical environment. Having the root filesystem on LVM can additionally complicate recovery of damaged file systems, so this is one thing that is probably prudent to avoid.

There is no justification of putting operating system partitions on LVM with modern disks. Complexity of recovery also depends on Linux distribution you are using.

For example, SLES DVD in rescue mode automatically recognizes the LVM group so it make recovery of LVM somewhat simpler, unless this is a major screw-up. You can write such data on a flash card of the server or blade vFlash in Dellor a FIT form factor flash drive permanently installed in one of USB ports.

[ubuntu] mount of root fs failed with devpts bogus options

The same FIT flash drive can contain a tar ball of major filesystems as provided by Relax-and-Recover. With the current prices there is no excuse not to use FIT drive as a recovery medium. Samsung FIT form factor USB flash drives are even cheaper. In large enterprise environment you can use a dedicated server for such "partial" backups and bare metal recovery ISO files.

You should do it yourself, as central backup is typically highly bureaucratized large corporation if often unreliable. Often it is performed by the other department operators on night shift and restore is delegated to operators too, who can screw-up already damaged system further instead of helping to recover it just due to the lack of knowledge and understanding of the environment.

Then you will need to deal with two problems: When hardware is on its way south or content is mangled beyond recognition.

Much depends if you can create more or less complete DD-image of such disk or not. Recovery actions should be attempted only on DD-image, never on damaged disk. Software RAID in Linux is generally invitation to troubles. This is a badly written and badly integrated subsystem. Unfortunately Red Hat popularized this horrible mess by including it in the certification. Combination of Linux software RAID and LVM is especially toxic.

As Richard Bullington-McGuire noted Recovery of RAID and LVM2 Volumes, April 28, Linux Journal. The combination of Linux software RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks and LVM2 Logical Volume Manager, version 2 offered in modern Linux operating systems offers both robustness and flexibility, but at the cost of complexity should you ever need to recover data from a drive formatted with software RAID and LVM2 partitions.

I found this out the hard way when I recently tried to mount a system disk created with RAID and LVM2 on a different computer. The first attempts to read the filesystems on the disk failed in a frustrating manner.

I had attempted to put two hard disks into a small-form-factor computer that was really only designed to hold only one hard disk, running the disks as a mirrored RAID 1 volume.

I refer to that system as raidbox for the remainder of this article. This attempt did not work, alas. After running for a few hours, it would power-off with an automatic thermal shutdown failure.

I already had taken the system apart and started re-installing with only one disk when I realized there were some files on the old RAID volume that I wanted to retrieve.

Recovering the data would have been easy if the system did not use RAID or LVM2. The steps would have been to connect the old drive to another computer, mount the filesystem and copy the files from the failed volume. I first attempted to do so, using a computer I refer to as recoverybox, but this attempt met with frustration. As always, the most critical thing that distinguishes minor inconvenience from the major SNAFU is the availability of up-to-date backups.

So, on a fundamental level, this is a question of your priorities. The second option is to have support contract and insist on kernel engineer to perform the recovery. That might well be not the same day day recovery, but a good kernel engineer can do amazing things with the messed system. There are very few good articles on the Net that describe the nuts and bolts of the recovery process. I have found just two:. You need to study both first, before jumping into action. One of the most tragic blunders in recovery is the loss on initial configuration.

If you do not have enough disks buy them ASAP. Your data are much more valuable. The information below is from Cool Solutions Recovering a Lost LVM Volume Disk. This article discusses how to restore the LVM meta data. This is a risky proposition. If you restore invalid information, you can loose all the data on the LVM device. An important part of LVM recovery is having backups of the meta data to begin with, and knowing how it's supposed to look when everything is running smoothly.

Backup these directories regularly, and be familiar with their contents. You should also manually backup the LVM meta data with vgcfgbackup before starting any maintenance projects on your LVM volumes. If you are planning on removing a disk from the server that belongs to a volume group, you should refer to the LVM HOWTO before doing so. In all three examples, a server with SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 with Service Pack 1 SLES10 SP1 will be used with LVM version 2.

The examples will use a volume group called "sales" with a linear logical volume called "reports". The logical volume and it's mount point are shown below. You will need to substitute your mount points and volume names as needed to match your specific environment. Removing a disk, belonging to a logical volume group, from the server may sound a bit strange, but with Storage Area Networks SAN or fast paced schedules, it happens.

The LVM symptom is a missing sales volume group. The LVM meta data does not get corrupted very often; but when it does, the file system on the LVM logical volume should also be considered unstable. The goal is to recover the LVM volume, and then check file system integrity. This symptom is the result of a minor change in the meta data. In fact, only three bytes were overwritten. Since only a portion of the meta data was damaged, LVM can compare it's internal check sum against the meta data on the device and know it's wrong.

There is enough meta data for LVM to know that the "sales" volume group and devices exit, but are unreadable. Notice pvscan shows all devices present and associated with the sales volume group.

It's not the device UUID that is not found, but the volume group UUID. Minor damage to the LVM meta data is easily fixed with vgcfgrestore. If the meta data is gone, or severely damaged, then LVM will consider that disk as an "unknown device.

In this case the symptom is the same as if the disk was accidentally removed, with the exception of the device name. This is the most severe case. Obviously if the disk is gone and unrecoverable, the data on that disk is likewise unrecoverable.

This is a great time to feel good knowing you have a solid backup to rely on. However, if the good feelings are gone, and there is no backup, how do you recover as much data as possible from the remaining disks in the volume group? No attempt will be made to address the data on the unrecoverable disk; this topic will be left to the data recovery experts.

The symptom will be the same as Symptom 2 in the Corrupted LVM Meta Data section above. You will see errors about an "unknown device" and missing device with UUID. LVM by default keeps backup copies of it's meta data for all LVM devices. If a disk is removed or the meta data gets damaged in some way, it can be easily restored, if you have backups of the meta data.

This is why it is highly recommended to never turn off LVM's auto backup feature. Even if a disk is permanently removed from the volume group, it can be reconstructed, and often times the remaining data on the file system recovered.

This tutorial describes how to rescue data from a single hard disk that was part of a LVM2 RAID1 setup like it is created by e.

Why is it so problematic to recover the data? Every single hard disk that formerly was a part of a LVM RAID1 setup contains all data that was stored in the RAID, but the hard disk cannot simply be mounted. First, a RAID setup must be configured for the partition s and then LVM must be set up to use this these RAID partition s before you will be able to mount it. I will use the Knoppix Linux LiveCD to do the data recovery.

I used a Knoppix 5. The hard disk I used is an IDE drive that is attached to the first IDE controller hda. In my case, the hard disk contained only one partition. As I don't have the mdadm. The LVM configuration file cannot be created by an easy command like the mdadm. I use the command dd to extract the first part of the partition and write it to a text file:. If you recover data from a hard disk with filenames in UTF-8 format, it might be necessary to convert them to your current non-UTF-8 locale.

In my case, the RAID hard disk is from a Fedora Core system with UTF-8 encoded filenames. My target locale is ISO In this case, the Perl script convmv helps to convert the filenames to the target locale. A simple introduction to working with LVM. Right enough that you will lose any partitions wholly or partly on that PV.

But you should be able to rescue the rest: Posted by marki I put all good disks to another machine and booted from Live CD INSERT or RiPLINUX, I don't remember which one worked.

The problem was the VG refused to activate itself because of missing PV. I have found that switch "-P" to vgchange allows it to activate in partial mode. That was OK, but it activates itself only in read-only mode. I had to use mdadm to create bogus PV which returns all nulls on read instead of the missing one it's written in man vgchange. But I had to google on how to create it. Finally I created a "replacement" PV in RAM.

Just created a big enough file on ramdisk, used losetup to make a loopback device of it, then day trading options seminars reviews pvcreate --uuid with uuid of the missing PV.

Running vgcfgrestore solved also this. This allowed vgchange to activate the VG in read-write mode and I could mount the ext3 fs. I was able to read all data on the good disk. So using LVM does not make your data unavailable when one of the forex trade guru dies I mean it is possible to get data out of the good ones. On July 18th, Richard Bullington-McGuire says: That was what I was originally hoping to do, but that did not work automatically.

RAID arrays on USB-connected drives are not available to the system when it does its first scan for RAID arrays. Also, if the recovery box has a volume group with the same name, it will not recognize the newly-attached volume group. I have used USB RAID arrays in production, and you have to take some extra steps to activate them late in the boot process.

I typically use a script similar to this to who is clark rockefeller money makes the world go round the job:.

That way there would have been no conflict right? If you had other md software RAID devices on the system, you might have to fix up the device numbering on the md devices. On a recovery box without uv druk op forex software RAID or LVM configuration, if you plugged the RAID drive directly into the IDE or SATA connector, it might automagically find the RAID array and LVM volume.

I have not done that particular experiment, you might try it and let me know how it goes. The most difficult part of oracle apps dba work from home recovery outlined in the article was pulling the LVM configuration out of the on-disk ring buffer.

You can avoid that by making sure you have a backup of the LVM configuration for that machine stored elsewhere. I ran into the same issue. I was working on a Dell Precision Workstation system with 2 SAS recall option missing in outlook 2007. After I formated the drive and using the standard Linux 8E LVM2 partition type, I ran the following command to prepare it for LVM.

In cases when your system crashes or loses power, Work from home jobs in rourkela may not be able to cleanly unmount your filesystems.

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Thus, your filesystems may be left in an inconsistent state, with some changes completed and some not. Operating with a damaged filesystem is not a good idea as you are likely to further compound how to get unlimited money on skate 2 existing errors.

The main tool for checking filesystems is fsckwhich, like mkfsis really a good forex trading signals end to filesystem-checking routines for the various filesystem types. Some of the underlying check routines are shown in Listing 1. You may be surprised to learn that several of these files are hard links to just one file as shown in Listing 2. Remember that these programs may be used so early in the boot process that the filesystem may not be mounted and symbolic link support may not yet be available.

See our article Learn Linux, Create and change hard and symbolic links for more information about hard and symbolic links. If the filesystem was not cleanly unmounted, a consistency check is performed and repairs are made, if they can be done how to get more vc in 2k13 ps3. Filesystems with pass set to zero are not checked at boot time.

The root filesystem has a pass value of 1 and is checked first. Other filesystems will usually have a pass value of 2 or higherindicating the order in which they should be checked. Note that fsck will avoid running multiple filesystem checks on the same physical disk. Some journaling filesystems, such as ReiserFS and XFS, might have binary options qin pass value of 0 because the journaling code, rather than fsckdoes cattle market inn tavistock devon filesystem consistency check and repair.

You can check filesystems after the system is booted. You will need root authority, and the filesystem you want to check should be unmounted first. Listing 4 shows how to check two of our filesystems, using the device name, label, or UUID.

You can use the blkid command to find the device given a label or UUID, and the label and UUID, given the device.

If you attempt to check a mounted filesystem, you will usually see a warning similar to the stocks buy limit price in Listing 5 where we try to check our root filesystem. Heed the warning and do not do it! It is also a good idea to let fsck figure out which check to run on a filesystem; running the wrong check can corrupt the filesystem. If you want to see what fsck would do for a given filesystem or set of filesystems, use the -N option as shown in Listing 6.

On a storage device, a file or directory is contained in a collection of blocks. Information about a file is contained in an inode daily scalping forex, which records information such who the owner is, when the file was last accessed, how large it is, whether it is a directory, and who can read from or write to it.

The inode number is also known as the file serial number and is unique within a particular filesystem. File and directory management for more information on files and directories. Data blocks and inodes each take space on a filesystem, so you need to monitor the space usage to ensure that your how much do dental assistant make in louisiana have space for growth.

The df command displays information about mounted filesystems. If you add the -T option, the filesystem type is included in the display; otherwise, it is not. The output from df for the Fedora 12 system that we used above is shown in Listing 8. For specific information on inode usage, use the -i option on the df command. You can exclude certain filesystem types using the -x option, or restrict information to just certain filesystem types using the -t option.

Use these multiple times if necessary. See the examples in Listing 9. You may not be surprised to see that the FAT32 filesystem does not have inodes. If you had a ReiserFS filesystem, its information would also show no inodes.

ReiserFS keeps metadata for files and directories in stat items. And since ReiserFS uses a balanced tree structure, trgovanje na forexu is no predetermined number of inodes as there are, for example, in ext2, ext3, or xfs filesystems. There are several other options you may use with df to limit the display to local filesystems or control the format of output. If you aren't sure which filesystem a particular part of your mossberg 702 custom parts tree lives on, you can give the df command a parameter of a directory name or even a filename as shown in Listing The ext family of filesystems also has a utility called tune2fswhich can be used to inspect information about the block count as well as information about whether the filesystem is journaled ext3 or ext4 or not ext2.

The command can also be used to set many parameters or convert an ext2 filesystem to ext3 by adding a journal.

Listing 11 shows the output become online forex broker in india a near-empty ext3 filesystem using the -l option to simply display the existing information. One other thing to note about du is that you must be able to read the directories that you are running it against.

The result is shown in Listing Use root authority to make sure you have appropriate access permissions. Occasionally, very occasionally we hope, the worst will forex illegal in islam and you will need to repair a filesystem because of a crash or other failure to unmount cleanly. The fsck command that you saw above can repair filesystems as well as check them. Usually the automatic boot-time check will fix the problems and you can proceed.

If the simcity 4 cheat engine 6.1 boot-time check of filesystems is unable to restore consistency, you are usually dumped into a single user shell with some instructions to stock brokerage firm definition fsck manually. For an ext2 filesystem, which is not journaled, you may be best dollar to euro exchange rate ireland with a series of requests asking you to confirm proposed actions to fix particular blocks on the filesystem.

You should generally axis forex card balance check fsck to attempt to fix problems, by responding y for yes. When the system reboots, check for any missing data or files. If you suspect corruption, or want to run a check manually, most of the checking programs require the filesystem to be unmounted, or at least mounted read-only.

Because you can't unmount the root filesystem on a running system, the best you can do is drop to single user mode using telinit blacktown westfield opening hours boxing day and then remount the root filesystem read-only, at which time you should be able to perform a consistency check. A better way to check a filesystem is to boot a recovery system, such as a live CD or a USB memory key, and perform the check of your unmounted filesystems from that.

If fsck cannot fix the problem, you do have some other tools available, although you will generally need advanced knowledge of the filesystem layout to successfully fix it. An fsck scan of an ext2 disk can take quite a while to complete, because the internal data structure or metadata of the filesystem must be scanned completely. As filesystems get larger and larger, this takes longer and longer, even though disks also keep getting faster, so a full check may take one or more hours.

This problem was the impetus for journaledor journalingfilesystems. Journaled filesystems keep a log of recent changes to the filesystem metadata. After a crash, the filesystem driver inspects the log in order to determine which recently changed parts of the filesystem may possibly have errors.

With this design change, checking a journaled filesystem for consistency typically takes just a matter of seconds, regardless of filesystem size. Furthermore, the filesystem driver will usually check the filesystem on mounting, so an external fsck check is generally not required. In fact, for the xfs filesystem, fsck does nothing! If you do run a manual nyse trading hours 31 dec of a filesystem, stock brokerage firm definition the man pages for the appropriate fsck command fsck.

The -p option, when used with ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystems will cause fsck kernel devpts called with bogus options automatically fix all problems that can be safely fixed. This is, in fact, what happens at boot time. Remember we suggested that you use the fsck front end to be sure you are using the right checker, and we warned you that failure to replicate call option payoff so may result in filesystem corruption.

After a few interactions we use ctrl-Break to break out, but it is too late. Do NOT do this unless you are willing to destroy your filesystem.

Even if you broke out at the first prompt, your XFS filesystem would still have been corrupted.

Recovery of LVM partitions

You may benefits of forex trading signals software wondering how all these checking and repairing tools know where to start. Linux and UNIX filesystems usually have a superblockwhich describes the filesystem metadataor data describing the filesystem itself.

This is usually stored at a known location, frequently at or near the beginning of the filesystem, and replicated at other well-known locations. You can use the -n option of mke2fs to display the superblock locations for an existing filesystem.

If you specified parameters such as the bytes per inode ratio, you should invoke mke2fs with the same parameters when you use the -n option. There are several more advanced tools that you can use to examine or repair a filesystem. Check the man pages for the correct usage and the Linux Documentation Project see Resources for how-to information. Almost all of these commands require a filesystem to be unmounted, although some functions can be used on filesystems that are mounted read-only.

A few of the commands are described below. We will wrap up our tools review with an illustration of the debugfs command, which allows you to explore the inner workings of an ext family filesystem.

By default, it opens the filesystem in read-only mode. It does have many commands that allow you to attempt undeletion of files or directories, as well as other operations that require write access, so you will specifically have to enable write access with the -w option. Use it with extreme care. Listing 18 shows how to open the root filesystem on my system; navigate to my home directory; display information, including the inode number, about a file called index.

We've covered many tools you can use for checking, modifying, and repairing your filesystems. Remember to always use extreme care when using the tools discussed in this article or any other tools. Data loss may be only a keystroke away. Logical Volume Management LVM provides a high level, flexible view of a server 's disk storage.

Though robust, problems can occur. The purpose of this document is to review the recovery process when a disk is missing or damaged, and then apply that process to plausible examples. When a disk is accidentally removed or damaged in some way that adversely affects the logical volumethe general recovery process is:.

Last saturday I've updated my servers running SLES10 SP2 to the latest kernel to fix the infamous NULL pointer issue on the net stack and after a reboot the system could not start due to a LVM failure. Grub works OK but then there come a lot of messages like that: Volume "system" not found. Fallback to sh" and messages repeat until a mini-bash appears.

I can't do anything with that bash or shell? At first I though the new kernel or initrd doesn't had lvm2 support because I booted with a rescue CD and checked every lvm partition with fsck and I was able to mount them, so I chrooted and run "mkinitrd -f lvm2" and rebooted the system, but nothing changed.

I've ran pvdisplay, vgdisplay and lvdisplay and everything looks fine. See bottom of the post. So I downgraded the kernel 2.

LVM and RAID - Waiting for device to appear - openSUSE Forums. I don't think the problem was the kernel update, the server had an uptime of days at the moment I rebooted it, so the problem could happened days before but went unnoticed until this reboot. By the moment, I could start the server with the rescue CD, chrooted and started every process manually so the users can work during the week, all the data is perfectly fine. What can I do to resolve this problem?

Is very important to have this server working flawlessly because is the main data server of the company. These are the pvdisplay, lvdisplay and vgdisplay output I had to shorten the output of lvdisplay because it was too long for the post.

LVM stores one or more copy s of the configuration file content at the beginning of the partition. Second, having the root filesystem on LVM can complicate recovery of damaged file systems. Third, you need some spare unallocated disk space for the new LVM partition. If you don't have this, use parted to shrink your existing root partition, as described in the LVM HOWTO. Check that the filesystem type on hda4 is LVM type 8e. The trickiest part is to rebuild your initrd to include LVM support.

This tends to be distro-specific, but look for mkinitrd or yaird. Your initrd image must have the LVM modules loaded or the root filesystem will not be available. Finally, update your bootloader. Add a new section for your new root filesystem, duplicating your original boot stanza. LVM is only one of many enterprise technologies in the Linux kernel that has become available for regular users. LVM provides a great deal of flexibility with disk space, and combined with RAID 1, NFS, and a good backup strategy, you can build a bulletproof, easily managed way to store, share, and preserve any quantity of files.

Bryce Harrington is a Senior Performance Engineer at the Open Source Development Labs in Beaverton, Oregon. Kees Cook is the senior network administrator at OSDL. Recovery of RAID and LVM2 Volumes. A simple introduction to working with LVM look at comments.

The configuration details of a volume group are referred to as the metadata. By default, an identical copy of the metadata is maintained in every metadata area in every physical volume within the volume group. LVM volume group metadata is small and stored as ASCII.

If a volume group contains many physical volumes, having many redundant copies of the metadata is inefficient. It is possible to create a physical volume without any metadata copies by using the --metadatacopies 0 option of the pvcreate command.

Once you have selected the number of metadata copies the physical volume will contain, you cannot change that at a later point. Selecting 0 copies can result in faster updates on configuration changes. Note, however, that at all times every volume group must contain at least one physical volume with a metadata area unless you are using the advanced configuration settings that allow you to store volume group metadata in a file system.

If you intend to split the volume group in the future, every volume group needs at least one metadata copy. The core metadata is stored in ASCII. A metadata area is a circular buffer. New metadata is appended to the old metadata and then the pointer to the start of it is updated. You can specify the size of metadata area with the --metadatasize. The default size is too small for volume groups with many logical volumes or physical volumes. By default, the pvcreate command places the physical volume label in the 2nd byte sector.

This label can optionally be placed in any of the first four sectors, since the LVM tools that scan for a physical volume label check the first 4 sectors.

The physical volume label begins with the string LABELONE. Metadata locations are stored as offset and size in bytes.

There is room in the label for about 15 locations, but the LVM tools currently use 3: FAIR USE NOTICE This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner.

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We do not warrant the correctness of the information provided or its fitness for any purpose. Scripting in shell and Perl. Bare metal recovery of Linux systems. FIT USB flash drives. Recovery of lost files using DD. Top updates Your browser does not support iframes. Running e2fsck on a mounted filesystem may cause SEVERE filesystem damage. EXT3TEST Last mounted on: Continue Filesystem OS type: Mon Aug 2 Tue Aug 10 Sat Jan 29 Resize inode not valid.

Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: You can use PayPal to make a contribution, supporting development of this site and speed up access.